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GIP has been found to directly stimulate bone formation by osteoblastic cells and inhibit osteoclastic activity [41, 42]

Vitamin B12 helps reduce the gastrointestinal side effects commonly associated with initiating GLP-1/GIP therapy, including nausea

Less commonly reported side effects have included fatigue, headaches, and mild increases to heart rate

47 In June 2025, the European Medicines Agency recommended cessation of semaglutide use if a patient is newly diagnosed with NAION

What to expect with treatment These medications are administered as weekly injections and require regular monitoring, especially when starting treatment

Bauman added, "Until recently, we lacked the tools to fully study these systems at the cellular and molecular level