Cytokine array The cytokine assay was performed using a Proteome Profiler Mouse Cytokine Array Kit (R and D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA )
however, no significant changes were observed in LDL or total cholesterol.28 A 2022 meta-analysis focusing on adults with metabolic syndrome risk factors reached similar conclusions, noting modest reductions in LDL cholesterol and systolic blood pressure but overall marginal changes in total cholesterol.29 A broader 2024 review summarizing human and preclinical data suggests that astaxanthin may enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake while supporting lipid metabolism and antioxidant balance, though these findings are based on limited trials and changes in biomarkers.30 These effects are thought to involve activation of Nrf2, a cellular pathway that turns on the bodys own antioxidant defenses, and improved mitochondrial energy metabolism, which may help regulate oxidative stress
Why take a collagen treatment
For most people, digestive upset is a sign that the body is struggling to absorb the supplement or reacting to low-quality fillers

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It also boosts your immune system by reducing oxidative stress and protecting cells from free radicals, which are unstable molecules that may damage the growth and survival of cells in the body (Pizzorno, 2014)