& Tongiorgi, E.) 5576 (Humana, 2017)
In rat pheochromocytoma cells, Tat downregulates Ku70, another crucial component of NHEJ, and upregulates Rad51, a central enzyme in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair
Caloric restriction, a key component of intermittent fasting, has been shown to stimulate mitophagy pathways, leading to the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria and the promotion of mitochondrial turnover
This is because the enzymes in your stomach and digestive tract tend to break down the glutathione molecule before it can be absorbed into the bloodstream
This complex initiates a cascade that leads to the activation of downstream executioner caspases, such as caspase-3, which ultimately drive the apoptotic process [136]
Further, because the functional cells of the pancreas (both exocrine acini and endocrine islets) are highly secretory, FGF21 plays a protective role by enhancing the response to ER stress via activation of the UPR (189, 259)