Vitamin B12 There is four types of parenteral Vitamin B12 available: Cyanocobalamin 100 mcg/ml and 1000 mcg/ml best used as IM to prevent rapid loss via kidneys Hydroxycobalamin IM (compounded 1000 mcg/ml or more) known as long acting B12 (binds better to plasma proteins than cyanocobalamin) Methylcobalamin IV (compounded 1000 mcg or more up to 5000 mcg/ml) Adenosylcobalamin IV Common dose is 1000 mcg IM or IV Vitamin B12 as hydroxycobalamin is synthesized exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methylcobalamin = metabolically active form of Vitamin B12 Hydroxycobalamin is a chelator of cyanide and is used in cyanide poisoning Hydroxocobalamin is most generally used for vitamin B12 replacement therapy and is considered the drug of choice for vitamin B12 deficiency by the Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia (Sweetman, 2002) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Drugs
Fat mass reduction, insulin sensitivity, NAD+ tissue levels, AMPK phosphorylation status, and mitochondrial respiration capacity are all measurable
Lyophilized powder before reconstitution can be frozen for long-term storage
- Accurate and complete documentation helps ensure proper coverage, billing, and reimbursement while supporting cohesive coding information
This is crucial for ensuring that muscle and cardiac tissue heal with flexibility rather than stiff, non-functional scar tissue
If appropriate, providers may review multiple options during the same consultation and help patients understand which path may best align with their goals
