Table 2 highlights key market metrics and trends: Table 2
Acute VPA overdose Although acute overdoses of VPA usually present as mild alteration in consciousness, large overdoses can be lifethreatening
It does not apply to recreational athletes or those competing exclusively in non-WADA-affiliated events
Judelson DA, Preston AG, Miller DL, Muoz CX, Kellogg MD, Lieberman HR (2013) Effects of theobromine and caffeine on mood and vigilance
High levels of oxidative stress can lead to inflammatory conditions (diabetes, cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disease) and illnesses such as cancer
Most users prefer taking it before workouts, especially before cardio or training sessions, as it is commonly associated with workout energy, endurance, and fat metabolism support