Cause of Low B12 levels Pernicious anaemia vegan diet malabsorption syndromes coeliac sprue Crohn's ulcerative colitis (UC) "food-bound cobalamin malabsorption syndrome" predisposing factors include atrophic gastritis, long term proton pump inhibitor or H2 antagnoist use, chronic alcoholism, gastrectomy/gastric bypass surgery, pancreatic exocrine failure, AIDS myeloma (paraprotein related assay interference) pregnancy combined oral contraceptive pill/HRT pancreatric insufficiency metformin, acute phase situations
Testosterone skin patches can be applied once per day for some patients
Used on Cattle, Sheep, Swine D/A: 1-2ml/100 lbs 1-2 times a week
Vascular Regeneration & Angiogenesis Upregulates VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), supporting microcirculation and formation of new blood vessels in injured areas
Studies show that certain Clostridium , such as Clostridium butyricum ( CB ) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ( FP ), are almost depleted in multiple ADs
Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells