The total protein concentration was detected by Enzyme Label Detector (#Epoch, BioTek Instruments, Inc., headquartered in Winooski, VT, USA)
An in vivo study included a rat model, found that NAC effectively prevented pulmonary edema and acute kidney injury during sepsis, particularly under mechanical ventilation stress, by preserving mitochondrial function and capillary integrity ( via disulfide bond reduction, reducing platelet aggregation and microthrombi formation, which are central to sepsis-induced organ failure (Liu et al., 2025)
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The same clear pattern was, however, not observed in the food-effect trial, as SNAC exposure was not increased in the fed arm