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Essential role for autophagy in life span extension

Parameters reported in animal studies are specific to those study designs and are not validated for human use

Animal studies used oral doses of 550mg/kg to compensate for low bioavailability and first-pass metabolism

10.1002/syn.20362 Synapse 194 UeharaY.MinowaO.MoriC.ShiotaK.KunoJ.NodaT.et al (1995)

In a case series study from New York of people with overt neurological symptoms from B12 malabsorption, MMA levels ranged from 755 to 187,000 nmol/l (Lindenbaum, 1988)

IVD degeneration is characterized by changes in the biochemical composition and mechanical integrity [2, 4]