Figure 3 below summarizes these processes, highlighting the interplay between bacterial infection, immune mediators (e.g., TNF-, IL-6, transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-], IL-10), and cellular actors (e.g., neutrophils, M1/M2 macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells) during wound healing [43, 48]
That can mean more frequent colds, longer recovery times, recurring infections, and even an increased susceptibility to inflammatory or autoimmune conditions
These perturbations not only facilitate pathogen survival and replication but also shape disease severity and host outcomes, a cross-pathogen comparison that is summarized in Table 1
Learn more about the potential benefits of astaxanthin, how you can add it to your diet, and any risks you should be aware of
Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016;35(4):645-54
doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2189 67 ParrellaN