Selenium is a cofactor for enzymes that are present in thyroid cells, such as iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO), which catalyzes the conversion of T4 to T3, thioredoxin reductase (TR), which is involved in the regulation of the redox state, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which catalyzes the reduction of H 2 O 2 to H 2 O, using reduced glutathione (GSH) as a cosubstrate
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that antibiotic treatment induces gut dysbiosis-marked by reduced alpha diversity, a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, depletion of beneficial genera, and enrichment of pro-inflammatory taxa (Tejkalov et al., 2023
50 In vitro experiments suggest that SEMA may participate in regulating the fibrosis process by improving factors such as inflammatory or metabolic triggers of fibrosis, like IL-6 and free fatty acids, as well as fibrotic structural features
[15] This increased gas production can lead to bloating, abdominal distension, and flatulence
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An exaggerated postprandial PYY response is observed in gastric bypass patients, and is likely attributed to the increased flow of nutrients into the PYY-rich distal gut, which can directly stimulate L cells (124, 125)