A doctor or dentist will perform a physical examination of the black spots to help determine the cause
Biochemically, the cobalt center can take part in both two-electron and one-electron reductive processes to access the "reduced" (B 12r , +2 oxidation state) and "super-reduced" (B 12s , +1 oxidation state) forms
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But some ingredients, especially in skin-lightening products, hair dyes, fragrance-heavy formulas, adhesives, and brightening treatments, can damage melanocytes in susceptible individuals
