The oxidative pathway leads to production of taurine or sulfate (Stipanuk and Ueki 2011)
Acetaminophen in doses above 2g/day (saturates sulfation and glucuronidation, depletes glutathione catastrophically) R Alcohol (depletes glutathione, NAD+, SAM-e, and directly damages hepatocytes) R Charcoal-grilled meats (heterocyclic amines that undergo bioactivation via sulfation and acetylation, generating DNA-reactive intermediates) R Chronic NSAID use (competes for glucuronidation and amino acid conjugation pathways) Excess fructose (depletes ATP and drives uric acid production, impairing energy-dependent conjugation) R Glyphosate residues on non-organic produce (disrupts glycine metabolism and chelates manganese) R High-dose turmeric or quercetin without cycling (both inhibit SULT1A1 and can paradoxically impair sulfation at high sustained doses) R Processed foods with benzoate preservatives (benzoic acid consumes glycine through conjugation, depleting the glycine pool for other Phase II reactions) R Proton pump inhibitors chronically (reduce magnesium absorption, impair glucuronidation) R Testing These tests can help identify which conjugation pathways are impaired and what is contributing to the dysfunction
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Surgery and spinal cord injury Deeply anesthetized (3% isoflurane, ketamine 50 mg/kg b.w.) rats were subjected to laminectomy at lumbar level L2L3, which corresponds to the sacrocaudal spinal cord (S2-Co1) as described previously [42]
Many individuals report feeling fuller faster and for longer periods after meals
J Neurol 255:817
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