Indeed, binding AGEs and AOPPs to the RAGE activates genes and transcription factors that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-1), chemokines (CCL19, CCL-21, CXCL-8), metalloproteinases (collagenase-1 [MMP-1], gelatinase A [MMP-2]), adhesion molecules (very late antigen-1 [VLA1], CD49 antigen-like family member A/CD29 (1)-integrin [CD49a/CD29]), cyclooxygenases 2 (COX-2), and nitric oxide synthases (NOS) 76
Apoptosis is also closely associated with mitochondrial damage
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