Although promising, most of the published studies have been in animal models rather than large-scale human clinical trials
Probiotics Gut health plays a central role in hormone regulation, immune function, and nutrient absorption
The lack of vitamin B12 may result from any of the following conditions: Addisonian (pernicious) anemia this condition causes autoantibody formation against parietal cells, which results in a lack of IF essential for absorption of vitamin B12 from the intestine Malabsorption impaired absorption of vitamin B12 Gastrointestinal pathology, dysfunction, or surgery these include atrophic gastritis, celiac disease, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, pancreatic insufficiency, Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric carcinoma, and total or partial gastrectomy Diphyllobothrium latum and related species (the fish tapeworm) infestation these parasites compete with vitamin B12 for intestinal absorption
A 1000 mg vial reconstituted with bacteriostatic water yields about 333.3 mg/mL
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 146.Tessari P., Cecchet D., Cosma A., Vettore M., Coracina A., Millioni R., Iori E., Puricelli L., Avogaro A., Vedovato M
For most people, its a very minor and brief discomfort