Conflict of interest CR has received personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, GI Dynamics, Herbalife, Johnson and Johnson, Keyron, Eli Lilly, and Novo Nordisk outside the submitted work
They are regulated by state pharmacy boards and must comply with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards but are not subject to FDA approval
NHS weight management services and eating disorder support are available through GP referral or self-referral in many areas
The health risks accompanying obesity are well known and include heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, stroke, certain types of cancer, and a shortened life span
However, it is critical to recognise that these direct mechanisms are considered secondary, and in some cases remain controversial, compared with the proven impact of indirect pathways
This is the single biggest point of failure we see in research efforts outside of major institutional labs