3.2 Neurotransmitter-related biomarkers In general, patients with PD have degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SN compacta, decreased dopamine levels in striatal areas, and decreased levels of the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)
Courreges JP, Vilsbll T, Zdravkovic M, Le-Thi T, Krarup T, Schmitz O et al
diabetesjournals.org/care/article/d GLP-1 medicines started with injectable GLP-1RAs, then moved to oral peptides, and now co-agonists
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In fact, this study shows that the levels of these molecules are significantly lower in joint fluid than in the blood/plasma and may be incidental to the function of the joints. Jeffrey Zarin, MD Also, there did not seem to be a difference between patients that had arthritis and those that did not, so conclusions about the effect of GLP-1 on arthritis should also be interpreted cautiously, Zarin added
Neutralizes free radicals in the body as a natural antioxidant