superoxide dismutase glutathione First line defence antioxidants-superoxide (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid The Applications and Mechanisms of

Its not a magic eraser

Substitution of these critical leucine residues to tryptophan eliminated binding affinity, highlighting the importance of maintaining key hydrophobic contacts of leucine side chains, and not general hydrophobicity, which is further exemplified by the evolutionary conservation of leucine residues in LD motifs 41

Hughes T, Almgren J, McGuffin R, Omoto R

For all groups, WOMAC pain, stiffness, functional, and total scores improved significantly within the first week following injection

Though human studies are less prevalent, preliminary findings indicate promising results

Mass spectrometry, HPLC, and other analytical techniques can quantify intact peptide remaining after storage