Additionally, glutathione is important in detoxification, immune support, and cellular repair
An alternative hypothesis supported by other groups is that induction of MOR endocytosis and recycling limits morphine tolerance, and suppression of endocytosis or recycling enhances it
For example, biochemical assays for desensitization, such as inhibition of adenylyl cyclase that requires more than 5 minutes of sustained opioid exposure (most assays take 1020 minutes, e.g., Law et al., 2000, or longer, e.g., Koch et al., 2005), measure the combined effects of rapid desensitization at the cell surface plus endocytosis or recovery from desensitization
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Antioxidants.
Standard reconstitution produces injectable solution