Oral supplements, on the other hand, rely on your digestive tract, where only a portion of the vitamin gets absorbed, especially if you have conditions like IBS or low stomach acid
There is some research to suggest it can cause issues in people who have kidney problems
The first-line test is serum vitamin B12 measurement , with levels below 148 pmol/L generally considered deficient, though the exact threshold varies between laboratories
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Pernicious anemia is a condition that happens when the body doesn't make enough red blood cells because the intestine cannot absorb enough vitamin B 12
(2) Evidence on B12 and cancer is mixed overall, with some studies showing higher risk, some lower, and some none