ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 16 (5), 818825
They stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreas, slow gastric emptying (prolonging a feeling of satiety), inhibit post-meal glucagon release (glucagon stimulates liver and muscle cells to convert stored glycogen back into glucose, raising blood glucose levels) and reduce the desire for food intake
This direct transport of extracellular cystine does not take place in hepatocytes, where the reduction of cystine to cysteine occurs mainly in the outer cell membrane as a consequence of GSH efflux (11)
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Our findings do not exclude a positive role for endosomal signaling or -arrestin-1 recruitment in acute responses to physiological GLP-1, but highlight how the kinetic context must be taken into account when exploiting noncanonical pathways during drug development
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