In our studies, we observed that palmitic acid alone induced necrosis rather than apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes [96], supporting a major role for necroptotic cell death
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In addition, by down-regulating hypoxia-associated peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) expression, the number of M1 macrophages was reduced, and the degree of joint swelling and destruction was effectively alleviated in CIA rats, implying that the inflammatory environment can be eased by decreasing PADI4 expression and improving the hypoxic environment (Ross et al., 2021)
It could be a sign of contamination or that the peptide has been damaged
Alpha-lipoic acid Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant found naturally in foods like spinach, broccoli and yeast