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In addition, in OA chondrocytes, the decrease in the activity of respiratory chain complexes I, II and III may affect several pathways related to cartilage degradation, including oxidative stress, biosynthesis of chondrocytes, increased inflammation and matrix catabolism induced by cytokines, calcification of cartilage matrix and increased apoptosis of cartilage cells (Blanco et al., 2011)
The neuroprotective effects come through multiple pathways: inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis under ischemic conditions, antioxidant activity, protection against glutamate neurotoxicity, and mitochondrial stabilization under calcium dysregulation
Shimada K, Skouta R, Kaplan A, Yang WS, Hayano M, Dixon SJ, et al
Lets be honest, sometimes pain is debilitating
Novel localization of folate transport systems in the murine central nervous system