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These findings may inform appropriate expectation setting for patients and clinicians and highlight the need for better methods of treatment selection for patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Surgery caused adjacent segment disease A December 2025 study ( 20 ) explained that lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) works by indirectly providing decompression by restoring disc height

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Our results can guide future research on ultrasound-guided perineural injection of vitamin B12 in patients with BPI or other peripheral neuropathies

The separation provides clearer attribution if any unexpected effects occur

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Subcutaneous injection may produce localized redness, minor swelling, or bruising at the injection site, which resolves within 24 to 48 hours