In the early stages of DKD, increased hyper-reabsorption and gluconeogenesis expose proximal tubular cells to hypoxia, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress and tubular injury ( Mitochondria is the primary organelle of in PTECs that is modulated to oxidative stress and hypoxic injury in the diabetic state ( Although there are a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the mechanism of hypoxia-induced renal tubular damage, due to the lack of non-invasive means, there are few clinical studies that have evaluated renal hypoxia in detail
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These enzymes are involved in the breakdown of polysaccharides into easily digestible simple sugars 32,60
SLC7A11 is a critical regulatory target involved in VRK2 regulating the GSH metabolic synthesis pathway Aforementioned data indicated that VRK2-deficient PC cells are vulnerable to GSH inhibition, this prompts us to explore the link between VRK2 and GSH metabolic synthesis pathway
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European Journal of Cancer