Several studies undertaken globally show that women with vitamin B12 deficiency in early pregnancy were up to five times more likely to have a child with neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, compared to women with high levels of vitamin B12
Comprehensive proteomic analysis of exosomes derived from human bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells
Scalea et al., 2007
Medically reviewed by Alan Lucks | MD , Alan Lucks MDPC Private Practice - New York on December 19th, 2025
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Bezabeh T, Mowat MR, Jarolim L, Greenberg AH, Smith IC