Cardiovasc Res 113:10461054
Aliu E, Kanungo S, Arnold GL
Potential consequences of cold injection include: Enhanced pain perception Cold liquid may stimulate additional nerve receptors, potentially causing more discomfort during injection Possible injection site reactions Some patients report more noticeable redness or tenderness at the injection site with cold administration From a clinical efficacy standpoint , there is no evidence that injecting cold Trulicity significantly compromises its therapeutic effect
Mounjaro (tirzepatide) : Approved by the FDA in 2022 for the management of type 2 diabetes
Methylfolate is required in the activation of tetrahydrobiopterin (i.e., BH4), which is a necessary cofactor for both tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase, enzymes required in the synthesis of serotonin and norepinephrine/dopamine, respectively (Figure 1)
Therefore, localized delivery methods, such as intravitreal implants, nanoparticle carriers, or gene therapy aimed at retinal GLP-1R expression, are essential for maximizing therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing systemic exposure
