Additional tests may include full blood count (to check for macrocytic anaemia), methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels (which rise in B12 deficiency), and tests for intrinsic factor antibodies if pernicious anaemia is suspected
Research papers may discuss the active quinolinium component without repeatedly naming the counterion
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Also, people who have had surgery on their intestines, like weight loss surgery, or have diseases that affect the gut, like Crohns disease or celiac disease, are also at risk of not getting enough vitamin B12
BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide composed of 15 amino acids, derived from a protective protein found naturally in gastric juice
FEBS Letters 238(2):343-346