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2014;3:e62
28 CzyzowskaA.BarbaszA
That changed after chemist Bruce Merrifield developed solid-phase peptide synthesis, a breakthrough that earned him the Nobel Prize in 1984 and dramatically simplified production of these fragile biomolecules by allowing them to be built much more efficiently compared to purification
doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.03.011, PMID: 23583222 Salmi H, Leonard JV, Rahman S, Lapatto R (2012) Plasma thiol status is altered in children with mitochondrial diseases
For individuals requiring supplementation due to confirmed deficiency or malabsorption, therapeutic doses vary considerably depending on the underlying cause: Dietary deficiency : 50150 micrograms daily orally, or cyanocobalamin tablets as prescribed Pernicious anaemia : Initially hydroxocobalamin 1 mg intramuscularly three times weekly for two weeks, then maintenance injections every two to three months [3] Neurological involvement : More intensive regimens may be required, with hydroxocobalamin injections on alternate days until symptom improvement [3] NICE guidance emphasises that supplementation should be evidence-based rather than speculative