Clinical outcomes The primary end points were the participant incidence of TEAEs, changes in laboratory safety tests, vital signs and 12-lead electrocardiograms
Each pathway contributes a separate pharmacological signal: GLP-1 receptor agonism slows gastric emptying and reduces appetite signalling in the hypothalamus GIP receptor agonism enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion and is associated in the literature with effects on lipid handling Glucagon receptor agonism increases energy expenditure and hepatic glucose output, the opposite direction to a glucagon antagonist, and is absent from every dual agonist currently on the UK market How retatrutide compares to dual agonists Tirzepatide (Mounjaro) is a GIP + GLP-1 dual agonist authorised by the MHRA for type 2 diabetes in 2023
GMP is another organization that does the same thing as NSF
A 2025 body-composition substudy added detail on fat-mass versus lean-mass changes within the T2D Phase 2 cohort fat mass accounted for the majority of total weight reduction (PMID 40609566)
Key Takeaway Traditional bulking typically results in a 1:1 or even 1:2 ratio of muscle to fat gain, meaning for every pound of muscle built, lifters often accumulate one to two pounds of fat
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.081, 141 SticeE.YokumS.BurgerK
