Alcoholism, malabsorption, prolonged stress, tapeworm infestation, vegan diets, celiac, hyperthyroidism, hepatic-biliary tract disease, persistent diarrhea, ileal resection, pancreatic cancer, renal disease, macrobiotic diets or other restrictive diets
Include specialized mitochondrial function assessments (citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial DNA content, or high-resolution respirometry) if available to confirm NAD+-dependent mitochondrial enhancement
Consider Other Nutrient Deficiencies Low B12 levels can sometimes be linked to deficiencies in other essential nutrients, such as iron and folate
(2) Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, Ogru E, Gianello R, Jiang WJ, Ng FM
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