For vascular dementia, the 2019 Cochrane review pooled six trials and 597 patients and was more encouraging on benefit: a moderate improvement in cognition, a standardized mean difference of 0.36 (0.13 to 0.58), and a benefit on global clinical function, a risk ratio of 2.69 (1.82 to 3.98) (Cui et al., Cochrane 2019)
Enhanced collagen production : Retinol stimulates collagen synthesis, while niacinamide's barrier-supporting function creates optimal conditions for this process
Metformin has been around since the 1950s
Most adverse effects rose sharply at lower doses and plateaued at higher doses
Tirzepatide has a slightly higher molecular weight, which theoretically makes it even less likely to transfer into milk, but both appear similarly safe based on available studies
The DPP-4 inhibitor CV safety outcome trials have unequivocally demonstrated that DPP-4 inhibition is not associated with any increased risk of major adverse CV events (MACE), with the four trials so far published (124127) having hazard ratios (HR) for the primary outcome of between 0.96 and 1.02 (Table 2)
