Metabolites such as monosaccharides, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and trimethylamine (TMA) not only participate in the energy metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells and hepatocytes but also directly modulate systemic inflammatory responses and hepatic lipogenesis [24,25,26]
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26 revealed that the absence of 25HC in C25H KO mice results in diminished proinflammatory response in IAV-infected mice 26
Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps scavenge free radicals and promotes iron absorption, contributing to overall health
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a vital coenzyme found in every cell, essential for converting nutrients into energy
Of these enzymes, sulfite oxidase is known to be crucial for human health (12)