Researchers who are sensitive to gastrointestinal side effects might prefer the tirzepatide profile
The authors explicitly frame their own finding as relevant to the injection question: topical application, they note, "may offer an effective alternative to injection," comparing the quantity of copper made bioavailable through a realistic topical patch against a reference subcutaneous injection dose used in animal research
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They do not suppress natural testosterone, do not cause liver toxicity, and do not produce androgenic side effects
Importantly, these body weight changes were not attributable to differences in food intake across the groups, as all treatments showed similar food consumption patterns in both lean and obese mice
[1] Other manifestations of B12 deficiency include glossitis (sore, red tongue), mouth ulcers, visual disturbances, and in severe cases, psychiatric symptoms such as depression, psychosis, or dementia-like presentations