"In 9 hours, 134 nanomoles of peptide and 705 nanomoles of copper permeated through microneedle-treated human skin, while almost no peptide or copper permeated through intact skin." That is the Li et al
So increased levels of GSSG in cells that differed from the data reported by Wu et al
However, GHK-Cu may also unrelated to its copper-binding capacity upregulate and downregulate a number of genes that play roles in skin repair, healing, and blood vessel and nerve growth [3]
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(PubMed) Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al
Injectable GHK-Cu offers systemic and often faster-acting effects, delivering higher bioavailability to deeper tissues