A recent mechanistic study using LDL receptordeficient mice and ox-LDLchallenged human endothelial cells demonstrated that liraglutide, one of the most widely studied GLP-1RAs, directly improves endothelial function by suppressing oxidative and inflammatory pathways ( in vitro experiments showed that liraglutide mitigated oxLDL-induced endothelial injury by suppressing NOX4 and NF-B signaling, and downregulating ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression ( 2.3 GLP-1RA modulation of promotion cholesterol efflux Beyond inflammation, impaired cholesterol efflux from macrophage-derived foam cells, mediated by key transporters such as ABCA1 and ABCG1, contributes to intracellular lipid accumulation and promotes plaque progression and instability ( A study in 2022 demonstrated that targeted GLP-1RA nanoparticles directly reduced vascular inflammation in ApoE/ mice, even at doses too low to affect glycemia or body weight ( Tnf and Icam1 expression with a concomitant increase in Arg1 , a marker of alternative macrophage activation
HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol
Xu X, Sun Y, Cen X, Shan B, Zhao Q, Xie T, et al
Our results indicates that every-other-day feed strategy ameliorates ICH-induced neurological functional deficits in mice at day 328
And over the course of a year, you end up paying for two more shipments than you would from a company that only charges every 30 days
SAR-COV2 could induce m -Dys, activate mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathways, and cause microglial and neuronal apoptosis leading to neuropathological symptoms in COVID-19 and PASC patients 169,170
