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GLP-1RAs have demonstrated encouraging positive benefits on bone strength and quality

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In the VTA, GLP-1R activation via central administration of GLP-1RAs such as exendin-4 modulates neuronal excitability, in part by enhancing AMPA/kainate receptor activity on glutamatergic inputs and by regulating local GABAergic interneuron tone [10,23]

Alogliptin and linagliptin, the most recently approved agents, are based on pyrimidinedione and imidazole structures, respectively [94]

Influx transport systems at the BBB include SLCs and receptor-mediated endocytosis that contribute to nutrient delivery [2, 27]