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Stress, hormones, and inflammation create a hostile environment

Once the body is in oxidative stress, or if there are a large number of electrophiles or cytotoxic agents, Nrf2 is released from the Keap1 binding site and rapidly transferred to the nucleus, subsequently interacting with the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter region of the target gene and then activates the transcriptional pathway to balance oxidative stress and maintain cellular redox homeostasis (Zhang, 2006)

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Alizadeh Moghadam Masouleh A, Eftekhari-Yazdi P, Ebrahimi Sadrabadi A, et al

Concurrently, GHK-Cu influences MAPK pathways including ERK1/2, p38, and JNK, with effects varying based on cellular context and stimulation conditions

10.1093/hropen/hoae013 Hum Reprod Open