Regimens with similar effectiveness included (i) BPC 157 dissolved in saline (10 g, 10 ng/kg body weight), (ii) pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in neutral cream (1.0 or 0.01 g dissolved in distilled water/g commercial neutral cream)
For example, in studies where skin fibroblasts were treated with GHK-Cu, there was increased expression of extracellular matrix genes and antioxidant enzymes
Other Peptides While many peptides claim anti-aging benefits, copper peptides offer unique advantages due to their copper ion component: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4: Primarily focuses on collagen stimulation but lacks the wound healing, antioxidant, and angiogenic properties of copper peptides
Anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory signals An apparent paradox in the GHK-Cu data is that the same molecule described as pro-synthetic (it increases collagen) is also described as anti-fibrotic
Hair Growth Stimulation GHK-Cu promotes: Activation of hair follicle stem cells Reduced hair follicle miniaturization Increased vascular supply to follicles It can be used alongside microneedling, PRP, or topically for patients with alopecia or androgenic hair loss
Glutathione S -transferase (GST) M1, T1 and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphisms and urothelial cancer risk with tobacco smoking
